2020. (The Canadian Founding: John Locke and Parliament) (Book review)", "Closing the Last Chapter of the Atlantic Revolution: The 1837–38 Rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada", "The Canadian Rebellions of 1837 and 1838 as a Borderland War: A Retrospective", Canadian state trials – Rebellion and invasion in the Canadas, 1837–1839, Chart of British Regiments serving in the Canadian Rebellions of 1837–1838, The Rebellion of 1837 in Upper Canada: A Collection of Documents, World Wars and Interwar Years (1914–1945), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rebellions_of_1837–1838&oldid=1000278017, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Unification of Upper and Lower Canada into the, Buckner, Phillip. The Rebellions of 1837/1838 in both Upper Canada and Lower Canada were attempts and attacks at their current government for various reasons. There is continuing debate about who was responsible for the rebellion and the degree of popular support it enjoyed. There were two types of rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada. Both office-holding oligarchies were affiliated with more broadly based "Tory parties" and opposed by a Reform opposition that demanded a radically more democratic government than existed in each colony. Another view is that the insurgencies amounted to pointless bloodletting, which may have even slowed the pace of reform. They proved to be influential when the British government sent Lord Durham, a prominent reformer, to investigate the cause of the troubles. The Compact dominated the running of the government. Peasants and Civilians were fighting for Democracy and Independence. The British came from Europe and went into power and took control of Upper and Lower Canada politically and basically took over the government. The Upper Canada Rebellion was, along with the Patriotes Rebellion in Lower Canada, a rebellion against the colonial government in 1837 and 1838.Collectively they are also known as the Rebellion of 1837, while the Patriotes Rebellion is also called the Lower Canada Rebellion.. What non-violent pressure tactic did Louis-Joseph Papineau call on the population to use? Causes and Consequences. Mackenzie established a short-lived "Republic of Canada" on Navy Island in the Niagara River, but withdrew from armed conflict soon thereafter. [20], In 1937, exactly one century after the Rebellion, the names of William Mackenzie and Louis-Joseph Papineau were applied to the Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion or the Mac-Paps, a battalion of officially unrecognised Canadian volunteers who fought on the Republican side in Spain during the Spanish Civil War. The revolt in Lower Canada was the more serious and violent of the two. However, he claimed the men had done nothing that he wouldn't have and refused to assist. "[14] Despite being true, this interpretation underestimates the republicanism of the Patriots. The Foreman of Public Works, Joseph Sheard, was expected to share in the work of building the scaffold for Lount's and Matthews' execution. Canada - Canada - The rebellions of 1837–38: Political unrest developed in both Upper and Lower Canada soon after the War of 1812. The invention of the Eli Whitney Cotton Gin had made slave labor vastly more profitable as cotton became a highly profitable cash crop that used the slave plantation system of farming. The Rebellions of 1837–1838 (French: Les rébellions de 1837), were two armed uprisings that took place in Lower and Upper Canada in 1837 and 1838. The rebellion of 1837 is the event that i chose to talk about, because it was important in Canadian history. Some historians contend that the rebellions in 1837 ought to be viewed in the wider context of the late 18th- and early 19th-century Atlantic revolutions. ” Finally, on November 23, 1837 armed rebellion began, when Patriot troops led by Wolfred Nelson defeated British troops in the Richelieu valley town of Saint-Denis. The two rebellions had similar causes . Some historians contend that the rebellions in 1837 ought to be viewed in the wider context of the late 18th- and early 19th-century Atlantic revolutions. [11], The governments in both provinces were viewed by the Reformers as illegitimate. The Rebellion Losses Bill of 1849. With the British minority in Lower Canada Consequences of Rebellion in Lower Canada: Causes of the rebellion in Lower Canada. ", Greenwood, F. Murray, and Barry Wright (2 vol 1996, 2002), This page was last edited on 14 January 2021, at 13:06. Who were the members of the Doric Club? At the end of the rebellion, in search for the causes the British parliament send Lord Durham who plays a significant role in shaping Canada's political culture (Read, 67). These policies favoured r… Introduction Long-Term Causes of the Rebellions The Legislative Assembly The Long and Short-Term Causes of the Rebellions of 1837-1838 The Government Elites Additional Issues in Lower Canada Additional Issues in Upper Canada The Economic Decline Connections between Upper and [4] Recent reconsiderations have emphasized that this was a purposeful forgetfulness by the Reformers after the Rebellions, as they attempted to repudiate the bald republicanism of William Lyon Mackenzie, yet steer an acceptable course to national independence under the guise of responsible government. [8] This organization launched the "Patriot War", which was suppressed only with the help of the American government. Nat Turner's Rebellion for kids: Background History, the Cotton Cash Crop and the growth of Slavery Nat Turner's Rebellion was a direct result of the growth of slavery in the South. The British military crushed the rebellions, ending any possibility the two Canadas would become republics. [10] The colonies, however, lacked the aristocratic element, and found their non-elective Legislative Councils dominated by local oligarchies that controlled local trade and the institutions of state and religion. [citation needed], Those rebels who were arrested in Upper Canada following the 1837 uprisings were put on trial, and most were found guilty of insurrection against the Crown. In this lesson, students work in small groups to explore the causes and consequences of the Rebellions of 1837. Among the recommendations in his report was the establishment of responsible government for the colonies, one of the rebels' original demands (although it was not achieved until 1849). There are often many causes that themselves have many layers. To do this, students use mock newspaper articles that are constructed to highlight the events leading up to the Rebellions, the events of the Rebellions, and their aftermath. [18] In fact, the merging of the Upper and Lower Canada was intended to take any form of self-government away from the French Canadians, forcing them into becoming a smaller part of the new, larger, political unit. There was so much wrong with Canada at the time socially, politically, and economically. ", "Canada: more liberal than Tory? There were long-term and short-term problems between the French and British in lower and upper Canada at the time. [5] Ducharme (2006) puts the rebellion in 1837 in the context of the Atlantic Revolutions. By contrast, the Upper Canada Rebellion was not as broadly supported by local populations, was quickly quelled by relatively small numbers of pro-government militias and volunteers and was consequently less widespread and brutal by comparison. The rebellions of 1837-1838 that took place in Lower and Upper Canada were enacted over lack of political reforms. The Orange militia stood guard during the execution to deter a rescue. One of the most severe punishments was the sentencing of 100 Canadian rebels and American sympathizers to life in Britain's Australian prison colonies. Ontario History Volume 101, numéro 2, fall 2009 Consequences of Rebellious Acts: The 1837 & 1838 Rebellions Sous la direction de John C. Carter Sommaire (17 articles) PDF; Consequences of Rebellious Acts: Stories of the 1837 & 1838 Rebellions Relevance. [9] The raids did not end until the rebels and Hunters were defeated at the decisive Battle of Windsor, nearly a year after the first defeat near Montgomery's Tavern. After the War of 1812, there was growing discontent in Upper Canada with the elite clique of politicians and officials known as the Family Compact. Governor, Sir Francis Bond Head. Lv 7. An outbreak of cholera, brought by immigrants. Since the time of Lord Durham's Report on the Rebellions, the Lower Canada Rebellion has been attributed to tensions between the English and the French, that the conflict was "'racial' and, as a consequence, it was sharper than–indeed fundamentally different from—the milder strife that disturbed 'English' Upper Canada. In memory of their heritage, the group fought to the rallying cry "The Spirit of 1837 Lives on! The economic crisis that dominated upper and Lower Canada also played a large part so … The government of Upper Canada was run by wealthy landowners known as the Family Compact. The 1837 rebellion in Upper Canada was a less violent, more limited affair than the uprising earlier that year in Lower Canada. Originating in modern-day Quebec, (then called Lower Canada) this independence movement was sparked by a rebellion against the Crown by the “Parti patriote”, or Patriote Party and their followers from 1837 to 1838. The collapse of the international financial system imperiled trade and local banks, leaving large numbers in abject poverty. Both organizations became the vehicles for politically organizing protests, and eventually rebellion. William Lyon Mackenzie helped organize the Toronto Political Union in July 1837. "The Canadian Civil Wars of 1837–1838. In this lecture, historian Pascal Chevrier discusses the failure of Canada’s first and only rebellion against the British Empire as part of the Rising Tide Foundation series “Towards a Harmony of Interests: Inquiries into the True Nature of the American System” . In Upper Canada the 1836 elections had been marred by political violence and fraud organized by the new Lt. One of the outcomes from these rebellions was the restructuring of the Canadian Parliament. Both nations were dedicated to a peace policy due to a budding financial crisis and to a sense of perceived disadvantage which both felt equally. Historians have disagreed about how much popular support each rebellion received, and to what degree the uprisings were necessary. Consequences of Rebellion in Upper Canada: The Durham Report suggested that Upper Canada and Lower Canada be united into one colony. Well, it stopped the Rebellion … focused on Canadian rights and independence, specifically sovereignty from the British colonial government. Great Britain's Chartistssought the … Canada - Canada - The rebellions of 1837–38: Political unrest developed in both Upper and Lower Canada soon after the War of 1812. Anything else? On December 14 1837, General John Colborne led an expedition to the village of Saint-Eustache. Consequences for the Metis: The Red River Rebellion showed that the Metis were unhappy with the lack of communication when the ownership of Rupert's Land was transferred over. Rebellion in Upper Canada (and Lower Canada also) broke out after the 1836 Legislative Assembly elections were corrupted. The constitutions of Upper and Lower Canada differed greatly, but shared a basis on the principle of "mixed monarchy"—a balance of monarchy, aristocracy and democracy. The rebels believed that the right of citizens to participate in the political process through the election of representatives was the most important right, and they sought to make the legislative council elective rather than appointed. In Lower Canada acute conflict between the elected and appointed elements of the legislature brought all legislation to a halt, leaving the Tories to impose Lord John Russell's Ten Resolutions, allowing them to rule without elected accountability. [16], The root cause of resentment in Upper Canada was not so much against distant rulers in Britain, but rather against the corruption and injustice by local politicians—the so-called "Family Compact". Historians have tended to view the two Canadian rebellions and the subsequent US Patriot War in isolation, without reference to each other, and without reference to the republican impetus they shared. By the time the crisis ended in 1838, hundreds had been killed, thousands were refugees, and … The rebellions led directly to Lord Durham's Report on the Affairs of British North America and to Act of Union 1840 which partially reformed the British provinces into a unitary system and eventually led to the British North America Act, 1867 which created Canada and its government. 230–239 Using pages 230 to 232 in your textbook, construct a timeline that presents at least four events in 1837 before armed conflict broke out. Militant nationalism was largely eliminated in Lower Canada. The Causes for the Rebellion of 1837-1838 The rebellions of Upper and Lower Canada were in the interests of self-government but were doomed to failure from their beginning. Causes of the In the midst of this crisis of legitimacy, the Atlantic economy was thrown into recession, with the greatest impact being on farmers. The British came from Europe and went into power and took control of Upper and Lower Canada politically and basically took over the government. The Hunters' Lodges drew on the American members of the radical Equal Rights Party (or "Locofocos"). The Rebellion helped them get the attention of the Government to negotiate their rights. Rebellions of 1837, also known as Rebellions of 1837–38, rebellions mounted in 1837–38 in each colony of Upper and Lower Canada against the British Crown and the political status quo. Rebellions of 1837 - Exploring Cause and Consequence. Essays On The Lower Canada Rebellion. These drew harsh punitive reprisals such as the burning of entire villages, rapes and other forms of psychological humiliation[15] by government troops and militias, which had been concentrated in Lower Canada to deal with the crisis. The Rebellion helped them get the attention of the Government to negotiate their rights. The rebellions and their consequences, 1837 to 1840 HIS304 - Chapter 4 The rebellions of 1837 and 1838 •Tensions continued to grow between British authorities and the Parti patriote •Spring of 1837, PP organized popular assemblies to denounce Russell Resolutions •Louise-Joseph Papineau called for a boycottof products imported from the UK [19], In geopolitical terms the Rebellions and the subsequent Patriot War altered the landscape of relations between Britain and British colonial authorities on one hand, and the American government on the other. William Lyon Mackenzie and Samuel Lount lost their seats in the result. An unprecedented level of cooperation occurred in diplomatic and military circles. What were the consequences of the Rebellions of 1837? Answer Save. This essay will explore the causes, actions and consequences of the rebellions by examining the tensions between settlers and the British crown. The Rebellion of 1837 was about many revolts and attacks against the rule of Great Britain. Charles Duncombe and Robert Nelson, in contrast, helped foment a largely American militia, the Hunters' Lodge/Frères chasseurs, which organized a convention in Cleveland in September 1838 to declare another Republic of Lower Canada. Many of the rebels (including Mackenzie) fled to the United States. There was also popular opposition to land-granting practices. The Political Union movement in Britain was largely credited with the passing of the Great Reform Bill of 1832. "My Son's Story" By Nadine Gordimer: Themes and issues in the novel (when private "affairs" become public), Newell Corporation - A SWOT analysis and the Newell Rubbermaid Corporation. 2 Answers. For this reason some sources will be scholars from political science discipline. 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